The way we produce and eat food must change urgently both to cut the amount of planet-warming emissions produced by agriculture, and to help farmers adapt to climate change, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said on Monday.
Without swift action, climate change will put millions of people at risk of hunger and poverty, the UN agency said in a report to mark World Food Day on October 16.
Here are some key facts:
1. Agriculture, forestry and changes in land use combined are the second largest source of greenhouse gases, producing 21 percent of global emissions. The top emitter is the energy sector at 47 percent.
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2. To feed a growing global population, agricultural production must rise by about 60 percent by 2050.
3. Climate change is expected to cut harvests in developing countries in the long term - although it may also improve some crop yields in the short term.
4. If climate change continues unchecked, it will make an additional 42 million people vulnerable to hunger in 2050, according to FAO calculations. However, that figure does not include people affected by extreme weather events such as drought or floods.
5. Small farmers, cattle herders and fishermen are the most vulnerable to climate change, and will need better access to technologies, markets, information and credit to adapt to climate change.
6. Agriculture suffered some 25 percent of the total economic losses caused by climate-related disasters in developing countries between 2003 and 2013. For drought-related disasters, the share rose to 84 percent.
7. Livestock alone produces nearly two thirds of agricultural emissions - mainly from animal burping, manure and feed production. Synthetic fertilisers are the next major contributor, producing 12 percent, and rice cultivation 10 percent.
8. Carbon dioxide emissions from agriculture are mainly caused by changes in land use, such as converting forests to pasture or cropland, and land degradation from over-grazing.
9. Most direct emissions of methane and nitrous oxide are caused by livestock flatulence, rice production in flooded fields and the use of nitrogen fertilisers and manure.
10. Nearly 50 percent of world food production depends on nitrogen fertiliser. The other half depends on nitrogen found in soil, animal manure, nitrogen-fixing plants, crop residues, wastes and compost.
11. More than a third of food produced worldwide is lost or wasted. Rotting food produces methane, which is a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide.
12. Deforestation and forest degradation account for about 11 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, more than the world's entire transport sector.
13. Reducing agriculture emissions depends partly on cutting food waste and loss, as well as shifting people's diets - including consuming less animal products - and changing farming practices.
Source: FAO 2016 State of Food and Agriculture report
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